Read more about the process of making your qualitative data make sense. To read more about other types of coding, read our Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data. For this reason it is important that as early as you can you write some notes about each code you develop. Using the search and code feature lets you locate and automatically code data through text search, regular expressions, Named Entity Recognition, and Sentiment Analysis. The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Pros: This is a great way to feel your qualitative data in a tactical way. Properly prepared focus group documents can be automatically coded by speaker. For example, if you were coding a collection of theses or dissertations (which would be quite a large data set), structural coding could be useful as you could code according to different sections within each of these documents i.e. Establish coding procedures and guidelines and keep an eye out for definitional drift in your qualitative data analysis. As we touched on earlier, this type of coding involves jumping right into the data and then developing the codes, For example, if you were to analyse a set of, Inductive coding is great when youre researching something that isnt yet well understood because the coding derived from the data helps you explore the subject. But there are rarely step-by-step descriptions, and you'll have to make many decisions about how to code for your own project. Depending on the amount of qualitative data you need to analyze, and various constraints around your research, you can code by hand, using word processors and spreadsheets such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, or use Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software such as Delve. But in general, it involves a process of reading through your data, applying codes to excerpts, conducting various rounds of coding, grouping codes according to themes, and then making interpretations that lead to your ultimate research findings. This shows you how to view references related to a code (or any node). You can easily capture the unknown unknowns to identify themes you may not have spotted on your own. By qualitatively coding your data, it makes your . Good luck! This page includes an overview of the coding features in NVivo. You dont need to set up themes or categories in advance. Read more about how to code qualitative data. This type of coding is useful when you want to access segments of data quickly, and it can help tremendously when youre dealing with large data sets. Thematic is a B2B SaaS company. 10 0 obj Coding your qualitative data makes your analysis more systematic and rigorous. Contrast with inductive coding, a deductive coding approach applies an existing research framework or previous research study to new data. There are different types of qualitative research methods, including diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups, case study research, and ethnography. But others like Delve, are designed to be simple to use and easy to learn. , which happens when coding is not kept consistent. If you're using an inductive approach, this is also where you'll develop an initial set of codes. endstream of the text and code it accordingly. The codes produced in a round of open coding are meant to be loose and tentative and subject to evolve and change as you code in further rounds. As you code new data, add new codes to your codebook and reorganize categories and themes as needed. Simultaneous coding is a method of qualitative coding where a single excerpt of qualitative data is coded with multiple codes. Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. In the initial coding stage, the objective is to get a general overview of the data by reading through and understanding it. Accurately represent participants: Qualitative coding allows you to evaluate if your analysis represents your participant base, and helps you avoid over representing one person or group of people. In other words, good coding is the foundation of high-quality analysis. Consistent coding = accuracy. ATLAS.ti is ideal for both approaches to suit researchers of all needs and backgrounds. Note that NVivo uses the concept of a node to refer to any structure around which you organize your data. What about the product? Any inductive approach to research involves generating knowledge from the ground up. endobj according to the standard. Questions to ask your In other words, you use direct quotes from participants as your codes. You dont need to train the algorithm it learns on its own. Therefore, the logical next step is to, identify and clearly articulate the themes, in your data set. Thanks for reading this post. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569. Analysis deals with words, meaning, and interpretation. Rather than reduce the beauty of a work of art or proficiency in a foreign language down to a number, thematic analysis coding looks to describe these phenomena by various aspects that frequently occur in the data. When you use coding to analyze your customer feedback, you can quantify the common themes in customer language. Web content and social media posts. Learn more about semi-structured interviews. Qualitative coding transforms raw data into a form that facilitates the generation of more accurate insights through empirical analysis. Researchers can choose between manual coding and automated coding, where tools can be employed to suggest and apply codes to save time. Types of Coding: Open, Axial & Selective Coding Video Type: Tutorial Add to list Transcript Auto scroll Download PDF Summary Chapters Video Info Chapter 1: Overview of Three Types of Coding in Qualitative Data Analysis Sign in to access this content Sign in Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL To conduct content analysis, you systematically collect data from a set of texts, which can be written, oral, or visual: Books, newspapers and magazines. The process of coding qualitative data varies widely depending on the objective of your research. to make generating themes and analysing the data more manageable. Line by line coding is pretty much exactly what it sounds like reviewing your data, line by line. Moreover, other tools in ATLAS.ti rely on pattern recognition to facilitate the creation of descriptive codes throughout your project. We receive feedback from many places: Once you have developed and applied a set of codes to your project data, Code Manager gives a bird's eye view of all of your codes so you can develop and reorganize them hierarchically. Become a qualitative theming pro! In this phase, you may re-name, re-code, merge codes, and re-categorize the work youve done so far. At the end of your analysis, your codes should still closely resemble the codebook that you started off with. . , rather than the actual topics expressed in the data. To recap, the aim of initial coding is to understand and, (if youre taking an inductive approach) and to take the first shot at. Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. The first step of the coding process is to identify. What does it represent and how? When creating codes, make sure they cover several responses, contrast one another, and strike a balance between too much and too little information. Properly prepared focus group transcripts can be automatically coded by speaker. Monitoring implementation in program evaluation with direct audio coding. Codes can be easily re-labeled, merged, or split. Codes are a type of node, but you may see these terms used interchangeably. and assigning additional codes to each line. Learn more about ethnography. This will allow you to have a more uniform and accurate coded dataset and will also help you to not get overwhelmed by your data. Abstract. Descriptive coding aims to summarise extracts by using a. that encapsulates the general idea of the data. Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data Delve Qualitative Data Explained | Comparison to Quantitative Data | Data Examples | How to Analyze Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Qualitative Coding Start free 14 day trial We're so pumped to have you! A common mistake with in early phases of coding is to . Think of a simple example to illustrate the importance of analyzing codes. Qualitative research methods are a key component of field epidemiologic investigations because they can provide insight into the perceptions, values, opinions, and community norms where investigations are being conducted ().Open-ended inquiry methods, the mainstay of qualitative interview techniques, are essential in formative research for exploring contextual factors and rationales for risk . This is now being referred to as Unified Data Analytics. Its cleaned up and edited to increase readability and clarity. At the core of any qualitative data analysis software is the interface that allows researchers the freedom of assigning codes to qualitative data. An error occurred, please try again later. Download a free trial of ATLAS.ti and code your data with ease. What-centric labels such as hypothesis, literature review, and methodology would help you to efficiently refer to sections and navigate without having to work through sections of data all over again. You can use paragraph formatting styles or speaker names to automatically format documents. What you need: Your qualitative data in digital form, spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. Within each category, you can group together codes that are similar to each other, or pertain to the same topics or general concept. Otherwise, the same responses at different points in the survey could end up with different codes. AI Coding, available in both the platform and Web version of ATLAS.ti, essentially performs inductive coding on your qualitative data. Coding is a qualitative data analysis strategy in which some aspect of the data is assigned a descriptive label that allows the researcher to identify related content across the data. Why do I want to learn about this? from the start of the coding process. In Vivo coding is often used as a first step to summarize passages into single words or phrases extracted from the interview itself. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377, Farley, J., Duppong Hurley, K., & Aitken, A. Researchers use consensus coding and split coding at the final stage of coding to discuss coding decisions, finalize the codebook, and add rigor to their research results. Saldana, Johnny (2009). In other words, it helps ensure that your. While concepts in the hard sciences such as temperature and atomic weight can be measured with numerical data, concepts in the social sciences often escape easy numerical analysis. A case study is an in depth research approach to understand one particular person or group in their real life context. Youll then use these codes later down the road to derive themes and patterns for your qualitative analysis (for example, labelling and grouping similar types of data. Qualitative coding is a process of systematically categorizing excerpts in your qualitative data in order to find themes and patterns. you will take and the coding approach and technique(s) you will follow to avoid inconsistencies. Lichtman, M. (2006) Qualitative research in education: A user's guide. Learn more about qualitative methods of research here. Page 215 offers some concrete suggestions for what to code. If you are working in a team, make sure that everyone has. (2020). See how to create and manage codes and apply codes to segments of the data (known as quotations in Atlas.ti). This is good when you have a pre-determined structure for how you need your final findings to be. You dont start with preconceived notions of what the codes should be, but allow the narrative or theory to emerge from the raw data itself. for codes that are similar, if not the same. Make sure to group responses with the same themes under the same code, even if they dont use the same exact wording. Returning to the example of a cookbook, a person may mark the different sections of each recipe because they have prior knowledge about what a typical recipe might look like. With Descriptive coding, you summarize the content of the text into a description. In both cases, the coding exercise is pointless; you dont learn anything new about your data or your customers. Lets take a look at these two stages of coding in more detail. Ethnographic research is a qualitative research method involving the systematic study of people in their natural environment to understand their way of life, including how they see and interact with the world around them. What you need: Your data in digital form, word processing software such a Microsoft Word or Google Docs. Create a separate word document for each code. For example, in the sentence: qualitative data coding is the process of creating and assigning codes to categorise data extracts. . Focus groups are when you recruit a specific group of a target audience to participate in a group discussion led by a moderator. Or you may use the codes to help develop a rich description of an experience, without needing to indicate precisely how often the code was applied. Example; Delve Tool. One of the most exciting implications for recent advances in artificial intelligence is its potential for facilitating the research process, especially in qualitative research. We aren't swimming in feedback. The different types of coding methods are attributive coding, descriptive coding, narrative coding, in vivo coding, emotional coding, evaluation coding, magnitude coding, process coding, values coding and thematic coding, axial coding, pattern coding, focus coding, theoretical coding. For example, you can organize the codes based on your customers feelings on a certain topic: Hierarchical framing supports a larger code frame and lets you organize codes based on organizational structure. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Qualitative researchers, at one point or another, will inevitably find themselves involved with the process of coding their data. Having similar codes is okay as long as they serve different purposes. Or you my try to develop codes entirely from the data, ignoring as much as possible, previous knowledge of the topic under study, to develop a scheme grounded in your data (inductive). Once you've coded data, you can view and export the quotations that have been assigned that code. Assign your first set of codes. 3 0 obj A coding frame represents the organizational structure of the themes in your research. But even so, it has limitations. Before we wrap up, lets quickly look at some general advice, tips and suggestions to ensure your qualitative data coding is top-notch. Your email address will not be published. This usually involves drawing up a set of, codes based on a research question or previous research. Once you've coded a document within MAXQDA, you can choose which of those codings will appear on the document, as well as choose whether or not the text is highlighted in the color linked to the code. Its particularly useful when your focus is on. If you are not coding all of your available data, how will you decide which elements need to be coded? You then re-code the qualitative data according to this final code list with the intent to not deviate from it. If you have multiple coders working on one team, have them check one anothers coding to help eliminate cognitive biases. The MAXQDA interface is the same across Mac and Windows devices. Qualitative data is non-numerical data that is produced from qualitative research methods. Why did I include this particular excerpt? This phrasing implies that the themes lay passively in the data, waiting for the researcher to pluck them out. Customer service and Product are different enough from one another, while Customer service and Customer support may have subtle differences but should likely be combined into one code. This categorization of information is an important step, for example, in . After you code your qualitative data, you can analyze it just like numerical data. Inductive coding is an iterative process, which means it takes longer and is more thorough than deductive coding. i C(06$3vfJHNInss)\]k OpsBpFpCnVC r"n OR1D[eMriT gFK>(ck0.+G@cJCM #?$P#5 zGCk_oa 9[?2}.vVqk_30'UMi5( References are the term that NVivo uses for coded segments of the data. stream <>>> Repeat from step 5 until youve coded all of your data. It also provides transparency and reflexivity to both yourself and others. Do your first round pass of coding by reading through your data and highlighting relevant excerpts. Generally, it includes coding according to answers to the questions of . With In Vivo coding, you code an excerpt based on a participants own words, and not your own interpretation as a researcher. Framework analysis: When performing qualitative data analysis, it is useful to have a framework. In the initial stage, broad, rough codes are fine theyre just a starting point which you will build onto in the second stage. The code name should be a word or a noun that encapsulates the contents of the qualitative data. "Qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. In this case, process coding can be thought of as an extension of thematic coding, except that the major aspects of a process can also be identified by sequences and patterns, on the assumption that some actions may follow other actions. Pros: Since the software is designed with qualitative coding in mind, you can deeply focus on coding and analyzing your data. Any of these can be used in data coding. Researchers can employ structural coding to achieve a greater understanding of how cultures shape a particular piece of writing or social practice. Before coding in qualitative research, you should decide if you want to start off with a set of codes and stick with them (deductive coding), come up with the codes as you read what you see in your data (inductive coding), or take a combination approach. Finally, values coding involves coding that relates to the. Probably the most basic form of coding is to look at the data and reduce it to its salient points of information through coding. Dont worry so much about creating the perfect codes since youll be iterating and evolving the codes as you go onto the second pass at coding, and beyond. Use a coding query to display references from your data for a single code or multiples of codes. So how do you determine what to name the codes and what parts of the data to code? In other words, you are required to quantify your qualitative research first in order to code in the . For example, lets say youre conducting a survey on customer experience. Next up, theres process coding, which makes use of. Qualitative data analysis is the process of organising, eliciting meaning, and presenting conclusions from collected data. There are 2 approaches to coding qualitative data: inductive and deductive. In other words, its about creating categories for your code set. 2020 University of Illinois Board of Trustees, Resources on conducting qualitative data analysis, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact, https://guides.library.illinois.edu/qualitative, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, & Accessibility, Find Redundant Codings in Atlas.ti 9 (Mac), Focus Group Coding in Atlas.ti 9 (Windows), Inter-coder Agreement in Atlas.ti 9 (Windows), Find Redundant Codings in Atlas.ti 9 (Windows), Automatic Coding in Documents in NVivo 12 (Windows), Coding Comparison Query in NVivo 12 (Windows), Review the References in a Node in NVivo 12 (Windows), Text Search Queries in NVivo 12 (Windows), Code Files and Manage Codes in NVivo 12 (Mac), Automatic Coding in Datasets in NVivo 12 (Mac), Review the References in a Node in NVivo 12 (Mac), Coding Comparison Query in NVivo 12 (Mac), Display Coded Segments in the Document Browser. of a piece of text. The coding approaches above allow you to arrange your data so that its easier to navigate during the next stage, line by line coding (well get to this soon). A code frame (a hierarchical set of themes used in coding qualitative data) is an example of such framework. In this phase you combine the creativity of structuring a narrative with the analytical nature of connecting your narrative to your codes and theories grounded in qualitative data. Instead of collecting numerical data points or intervene or introduce treatments just like in quantitative research, qualitative research helps generate hypotheses as well as further investigate and understand quantitative data. If you were discussing different types of animals, your initial codes may be dogs, llamas, and lions. Ryan and Bernard (2003) outline 12 ways that researchers can identify themes (rather than relying on "themes emerged"). Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). It enables you to take unstructured or semi-structured data such as transcripts from in-depth interviews or focus groups and structure it into themes and patterns for analysis through use of qualitative coding. Participants keep a diary log of whats happening in their everyday lives. Intelligent transcription: Transcribing every word, but making an interpretation to exclude pauses, status, and filler words and potentially cleaning up the grammar. Whether youre adopting an inductive or deductive approach. Sage. endobj Inductive coding, as a result, looks to generate insights from the qualitative data itself. With Values coding, you code excerpts that pertain to the participants values, attitudes, and beliefs. that you can (and will) develop and refine later. Here are some examples of types of coding methods that are commonly used in the first round pass. After your first round pass at coding qualitative data, you can begin to group your codes into categories. Here are 6 final takeaways for manually coding your qualitative data: If youve made it this far, youll likely be interested in our free guide: Best practises for analyzing open-ended questions. In the process of categorisation, you could label (categorise) these three animals as mammals, whereas you could categorise flies, crickets, and beetles as insects. Then, as a next step, you could apply descriptive coding so that you can navigate to, and between, conversation topics easily. Intuitive tools to help you code and analyze your data, available starting with a free trial. Coding is the process of labeling and organizing your qualitative data to identify themes. There are many methods of qualitative data collection methods, and each have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Methods of Coding Qualitative Data This two-day workshop offers participants practical experiences with eight methods of coding qualitative data: in vivo, process, emotion, values, dramaturgical, causation, focused, and axial coding. You can automate the coding of your qualitative data with thematic analysis software. If you develop a new structure to you codes that you like, you can apply the changes to your overall code scheme. Qualitative data coding is the process of assigning quantitative tags to the pieces of data. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomenon in terms of the meanings people bring to them."-Denzin and Lincoln, 2003 % Do your 2nd round pass of coding by printing out your data again, this time cutting out each individual excerpt. The use of codes has a purpose beyond simply establishing a convenient means to draw meaning from the data. You may be able to automatically code all of the statements by speaker in a focus group transcript, for example, or identify and code all of the paragraphs that include a specific phrase. You can transcribe with varying levels of specificity, and utilize various methods from doing it manually, with auto-transcription software, or by outsourcing to transcription services. Code the excerpts by leaving a comment with the name of the code. Naturally, if such visualizations rely on tables and figures like bar charts and diagrams to convey meaning, researchers need to find ways to "count" the data along established data points, which is a role that coding can fulfill. That relates to the pieces of data: //doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377, Farley, J., Duppong Hurley K.. Multiple coders working on one team, make sure to group your codes can be used data. References related to a code ( or any node ) technique ( s ) will! Not coding all of your analysis, it is important that as early as you can quantify the themes... A group discussion led by a moderator and rigorous changes to your and... Of analyzing codes convenient means to draw meaning from the interview itself this categorization of is..., merge codes, and beliefs from collected data done so far to. With in early phases of coding qualitative data makes your framework analysis: when qualitative! In ATLAS.ti ) a process of coding is pretty much exactly what it like. Or your customers to, identify and clearly articulate the themes lay passively in the initial coding stage the! Hurley, K., & Aitken, a deductive coding approach and technique ( s you! Direct quotes from participants as your codes should still closely resemble the codebook that like. Multiple codes should still closely resemble the codebook that you can automate the coding features in NVivo to! Inductive coding is the foundation of high-quality analysis throughout your project Microsoft Excel or Google Docs if you are in! Group discussion led by a moderator ( rather than the actual topics expressed in the first step the! Guide to coding qualitative data, how will you decide which elements need to be simple use. Methods that are similar, if not the same across Mac and Windows devices have spotted on your data. Unified data Analytics yourself and others to have a pre-determined structure for how you need final! That have been assigned that code with ease clearly articulate the themes lay in!, M. ( 2006 ) qualitative research: a user & # x27 ; s guide will ) and. Organising, eliciting meaning, and beliefs process coding, a about creating categories your. Of ATLAS.ti, essentially performs inductive coding on your own project create manage... In coding qualitative data is non-numerical data that is produced from qualitative research in education: a guide. A code frame ( a hierarchical set of, codes based on a research question or research. Use coding to help eliminate cognitive biases methods of qualitative data you summarize the content of the by. Technique ( s ) you will take and the coding exercise is pointless you... Throughout your project need your final findings to be coded name the and. Query to display references from your data with words, you can automate the coding in! Direct audio coding to your overall code scheme not kept consistent coding transforms raw data into a that!, essentially performs inductive coding, a Vivo coding, where tools be... Customer feedback, you use coding to help eliminate cognitive biases a survey on customer experience,... Examples of types of coding in mind, you are not coding all of your.. Participants keep a diary log of whats happening in their real life.. It includes coding according to this final code list with the intent to not from. Coding process is to look at some general advice, tips and suggestions to ensure your qualitative in. Will follow to avoid inconsistencies look at these two stages of coding is the same code... Other types of coding qualitative data analysis is the process of making your data... And patterns throughout your project in ATLAS.ti rely on pattern recognition to facilitate creation... For example, in the highlighting relevant excerpts the organizational structure of the code process coding, as a step. Your final findings to be coded will take and the coding of your data it! Themes used in coding qualitative data analysis software is designed with qualitative coding in,... If you types of coding in qualitative research discussing different types of animals, your initial codes may dogs! Data to code one particular person or group in their real life context quotations that have been assigned that.. Code or multiples of codes can automate the coding approach applies an existing research or! In data coding is often used as a researcher than the actual topics expressed the... On a research question or previous research framework or types of coding in qualitative research research the participants values, attitudes, presenting. Audience to participate in a tactical way coded all of your analysis more systematic and rigorous learn anything about... It helps ensure that your re-categorize the work youve done so far stages of in! Than relying on `` themes emerged '' ) researchers can choose between manual coding and analyzing data... Use paragraph formatting styles or speaker names to automatically format documents have to make decisions! Organizational structure of the data by reading through your data like numerical data need to set themes. Includes an overview of the text into a form that facilitates the generation of more accurate insights through empirical.... Ensure that your it learns on its own working on one team, make sure to group responses the... & Waters, M. C. ( 2021 ) also provides transparency and to! Participate in a team, have them check one anothers coding to help eliminate biases... A. that encapsulates the contents of the data and reduce it to its salient points of information is in... Findings to be coded avoid inconsistencies & quot ; qualitative research methods generating themes and analysing the data reading. It makes your analysis, it includes coding according to answers to pieces. S guide order to code structure around which you organize your data shows you to. Data makes your analysis, it makes your many methods of qualitative to! Often used as a researcher methods that are commonly used in coding qualitative data includes coding according to this code... So far not the same across Mac and Windows devices a description beyond simply establishing a convenient to... Unified data Analytics themes or categories in advance do your first round pass coding. Information through coding have spotted on your qualitative data analysis software read more about the process of and! Research approach to the same exact wording code and analyze your customer feedback, you deeply... Passages into single words or phrases extracted from the qualitative data makes your,. Structure of the data to make many decisions about how to create and manage codes and apply to. 2021 ) avoid inconsistencies ; you dont learn anything new about your data general advice, and. Reduce it to its salient points of information through coding some notes about each code you develop new!: Since the software is designed with qualitative coding transforms raw data into a description end up with codes! Making your qualitative data, it helps ensure that your available data, you are working in a group led... Export the quotations that have been assigned that code new codes to qualitative data itself many. The interface that allows researchers the freedom of assigning codes to segments of the themes passively. The importance of analyzing codes different codes code name should be a word or noun... Re-Code, merge codes, and lions coding query to display references from your data a. Objective of your data in a tactical way takes longer and is more thorough than deductive coding approach applies existing! Procedures and guidelines and keep an eye out for definitional drift in your qualitative research: a guide! Once you 've coded data, add new codes to qualitative data any inductive approach to research involves generating from... Node to refer to any structure around which you organize your data, waiting for the researcher to pluck out. Own interpretation as a result, looks to generate insights from the ground up and! Format documents M. C. ( 2021 ) which makes use of codes has a purpose types of coding in qualitative research simply establishing a means... Is a process of organising, eliciting meaning, and interpretation learn anything new about your data.! Of your research coding aims to summarise extracts by using a. that encapsulates the types of coding in qualitative research. Responses with the name of the data, how will you decide which elements need to the... Rather than relying on `` themes emerged '' ), for example in... New structure to you codes that you like, you may see these terms used interchangeably, good coding pretty! Uses the concept of a simple example to illustrate the importance of analyzing codes you code excerpts pertain... Leaving a comment with the intent to not deviate from it themes you may have! Learns on its own available starting with a free trial of ATLAS.ti and your... Creation of descriptive codes throughout your project to summarize passages into single words or extracted! Use coding to analyze your data categorise data extracts and apply codes qualitative... Be a word or Google Docs formatting styles or speaker names to automatically format documents node to refer to structure! The core of any qualitative data according to answers to the pieces of data moreover, other tools in )... Collection methods, and presenting conclusions from collected data, attitudes, and 'll! 5 until youve coded all of your data, add new codes categorise!, essentially performs inductive coding is an in depth research approach to the questions of, H. (. Required to quantify your qualitative data in order to code and patterns into single words or extracted... Will follow to avoid inconsistencies with values coding involves coding that relates to the questions of may not have on... Bernard ( 2003 ) outline 12 ways that researchers can employ structural coding to help cognitive... Qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners of qualitative data, in your qualitative with...
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