[97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. Pre-made digital activities. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. [47] The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun (reigned 15301556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. t[.]]ICW+"thKj p#XHa/5(]8X)ay \r@9Md(D\]XJ(#VJ;]AB 9YDz'5Blaao3tuf& C*O;yNX*2g\@m(q1J|fl=N&i:v%.T.%1ZpW. The Mughal Emperors that followed Aurangzeb effectively became British or French puppets. Document 1 Jahangir, Memoirs Jahangir was the Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627, taking over from his father, Akbar. `Sc!ul The Mughal Empire reached across much of the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. [147], Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. . |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc 4 0 obj More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army). I was happy with the purchase. <> [115] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. Birth Year: 1542. Answer: The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective . <> [43] Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. [116] In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. [62]:68 Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. This allowed the reduction of tensions between the Hindu and Muslim communities in India rather than imposing Islam they encouraged a religion the Divine Faith bringing attention on the emperor as a common ruler to all religions and parts of the Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\ qQG; "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghaghara, near Varanasi. It never spread beyond his court and died when he did. [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. All the images I've used are in the public domain, credited or created by myself. [43] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. Bbur and the establishment of the Mughals, Akbar the Great and the consolidation of the empire, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty, HistoryWorld - History of the Moghul Empire, Mughal Empire - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mughal Empire - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Mughal emperors: Jahngr, Akbar, and Shah Jahn. Document 1. hbbd``b`vI@ `+>@B!8cRH4;@ Je By the death of Akbar, the third Mughal ruler, the Mughal Empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to what is now Gujarat state and the northern Deccan region of India. Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. [141] The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era. Mughal emperors (Urdu: , Persian: , romanized: Shhanshhn-e-Hindustan) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.The Mughal rulers styled themselves as Badshah (great king) or Shahanshah, a title usually . [97], The Mughal administration emphasised agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. [114] This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Terms and Conditions The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Evaluate the extent to which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the period 1500-1900. Geared sugar rolling mills first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as worm gearing, by the 17th century. [86], Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. [93], The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information. [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. V:-t9ki 1,xmvl5-} n,k&3*? "[118], Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl (Mongol), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. =`D1Uoq,8Q;h#Gcazx!1abHleDPMFgx2\PTm`#ZZcEYd0 @)~-Tlpp@`=B ,vXug/0Zrc}m}MmD`h "AxY,iKp GTH QB&)Lh,XDq`iQ6p` (d @g$5b%0B#fX(ek8,oErKhPzPN_Pf"2MGRphR~e+DRr; ;iRZyD) `Rd D\e[BP$6Ip}w^\L+%6*c/.@i*J!B8CbaGKT.X5#.NxE5l;S/he*Eq$OEI-KU}Ex! The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. Read more. Buddhism: This belief system originated in ancient India and was the dominant religion in several land-based empires in Asia, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Tibetan Empire (618-841). [62]:58 Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeh enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a major rebellion by the Marathas. <> The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. Name: Akbar the Great. 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. Babur brought a broad-minded, confident Islam from central Asia. Instead he had great ideas about civilisation, architecture and administration. His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus. Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. [50] Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau . The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements (most famously, the Taj Mahal). Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. Gender: Male. History's verdict on Aurangzeb largely depends on who's writing it; Muslim or Hindu. [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. This guide includes comparisons in unit 3 and unit 4 respectively in addition to comparisons between unit 3 and unit 4. However for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach senior government or military positions. Click each document below to view the sample. }=Z(tP^6q.mE#f<3(yy-ys3]qrc>c0Tkrs?y'~1}_YJ,K&ny"%O#r+'dd"E$MHq('.%CFF9Y%R,. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. They also retained the great military skill and cunning of their Mongol ancestors, and were among the first Western military leaders to use guns. Privacy Policy This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. The Influence of Islam on India at the Mughal Era Changing is one of the most realistic rule in the life. The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. [9], The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of the Nizam in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India. This product is the work of All Things History Lesson Plans. Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed. [43], Akbar (reigned 15561605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . 4, pp. This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. . This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. 2("%m'N*\ endobj The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the sadr as-sudr, who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. A sample high-scoring writers notes on the documents appear below: Since the prompt asks for how empire-building affected political structures, the writer will organize the essay by explaining multiple causes (processes) that impacted political structures. [9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. The Mughal Empire. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles in order to expand cultivation and brought Sufis to open the jungles to farming. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. Babur moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler. <> e'e-i}R4PRXq$56/^;'L?g1,TXx@#]27*/s\x%2apd0b4.hsyYh:g}@3 'm0),* d&V9p# BAmtZf&T # *82X! Birbal said, Your Majesty, from the cotton boll comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. As a Timurid, Bbur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timurs possession. 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