Cognate forms of l are found throughout the Semitic languages. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, l or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. They prayed to Anu (supreme god or sky god), Enki (god of water, knowledge, mischief, crafts, and creation), Enlil (Lord Wind), Inanna (Queen of Heaven), Utu (sun-god), and Sin (moon-god). All of them were considered creators of the world, described by epithets like father of the gods, ancient one, and so on. And the symbol meant that Cronus could see when asleep, and sleep while waking: and similarly in the case of the wings, that he flew while at rest, and was at rest when flying. However, Enlils days at the top of the virtual mountain were numbered when the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi transformed Babylon from a third-rate village into a political force in the eighteenth century BC. He is often depicted in paintings as an elderly man with a long beard . In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for "god" by biblical commentators. In northwest Semitic use, l was a generic word for any god as well as the special name or title of a particular god who was distinguished from other gods as being "the god". According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. For who in the skies compares to Yahweh, Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. For example, the people of Uruk revered the god An and the goddess Inanna, while the residents of Nippur considered Enlil to be their patron deity, and Eridu saw Enki being held as most important. She was the embodiment of the primeval sea, which played a major part in the creation of the world, and also considered the mother goddess. The phrase also occurs in the Pyrgi Inscription as hkkbm 'l (preceded by the definite article h and followed by the m-enclitic). [7](Emphasis added). The fragmentary text R.S. When viewed as applying to the King of Tyre specifically, the king was probably not thinking of Yahweh. Four Sumerians, whose names we do have, fall somewhere between myth, legend, and history. Members of the Mesopotamian pantheon were immortal, and as long as they were above the Netherworld, had an aura about them called melammu, which was described as a glow which instantly distinguished them from mere mortals. However, it wasnt just heaven and Earth; there was also the Netherworld or Kur, which was a bleak, dark, underground version of Earth which was home to every deceased soul regardless of their actions on the living plane. [6]In my view, this is Fallen Realm Fake News to diminish the true God of heaven (and earth, and all creation) by slandering the sky-god as remote, disinterested, and, in some accounts, literally neutered. They include Ugaritic ilu, pl. He was the son of Ninhursag and Enlil, and the Babylonians believed that he was a brave warrior riding on a lion with a scorpion tail. Moreover, they were also meant to live leisurely lives and be treated as whimsical masters at best, ominously present just beyond sight and sound as temperamental overseers to humans. This is the position of Frank Moore Cross (1973). As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. Sumerians honoured ca 1000 gods, about fifty of whom were considered the main gods, and espe-cially important were seven gods - the Great Seven. A bilingual inscription from Palmyra[52] dated to the 1st century equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. Saturn (Latin: Sturnus [satrns]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology.He was described as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. And its known that Urkesh and Harran were connected by an important trade route, linking the resource-rich mountains north of Urkesh to markets in northern Syria and the Mediterranean port near Antioch. It wasnt just their powers that separated them from humans, though. Different from many other major pantheistic societies, such as the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Aztecs, the chief astral god of the Sumerians wasnt the sun god, but the moon god Nanna otherwise known as Sin. Sometimes he is specifically named (or at least identified with) Sn.[9]. Utu was also known as the god of truth and justice because he was deemed to be able to see everything from his vantage point. This parallel pleads against the Amorites as newcomers, because such a phenomenon is typically the result of long-term contact and/or acculturation. He is the first and most distant ancestor, theologically conceived as the God of Heaven in its "transcendental obscurity". Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. Hendel, R. S. (1992). The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll()kur-gal(kur-gal= great mountain). through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. After being separated from An by the former, Ki stayed on Earth to rule over the domain. While most religions today are firmly rooted in the idea of a perennial god who transcends the very concept of time, the Sumerians believed that their primary gods came from the union between the goddess Nammu the Sumerian goddess of what was considered the primordial sea or salt water bodies and her partner Engur, who was not a deity but a personification of what was assumed to be an underground ocean of freshwater called the Abzu or Apsu. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? [9]Lloyd R. Bailey, Israelite l adday and Amorite Bl ad.Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. Scholars used to believe that the god's name was a combination of the Sumerian words en ("lord") and ll ("air/wind" or "storm"). [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). It is said that Enlil himself betrothed the two divine beings. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. Her popularity saw a spike in the early days of Babylon, eventually going on to become the foremost of healing deities for the civilization. This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. In Tablet 5 of the Enuma Elish it may be the pole star, which at the time was Thuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor). A patron deity of Ur, Nannas main temple was Ekishnugal, which was rebuilt or restored many times by different rulers. Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved, is not interested in setting the work forth completely or in order. This image below is of a relief in the British Museum that shows the Sumerian God Ninurta. . With more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, the pantheon is immense. [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. Shamash was the son of Sin. Shamash, (Akkadian), Sumerian Utu, in Mesopotamian religion, the god of the sun, who, with the moon god, Sin (Sumerian: Nanna), and Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna), the goddess of Venus, was part of an astral triad of divinities. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. that at one point El was a desert god. Inanna is the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility, procreation, and also of war. In the P strand, Exodus 6:3 may be translated: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as l Shaddi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. El is depicted primarily as a warrior; in Ugaritic sources Baal has the warrior role and El is peaceful, and it may be that the Sanchuniathon depicts an earlier tradition that was more preserved in the southern regions of Canaan. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. Although the Amorites spoke a Semitic language, they were usually portrayed in Egyptian art with fair skin. Yet you are man and not 'El even though you have made your heart like the heart of 'elhm ('gods').'". Before the Great Flood, Saturn was regarded by all mankind as the supreme god and ruler of the kings. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. By now, Enlil should require little in the way of an introduction. However, this would be impossible to do without leaving behind a replacement, and it was then that Inanna chose Dumuzi to stay in her stead, upset that he had not mourned her loss enough. Remember, the Amorites of that era worshiped only two gods, the god Ilu (El) and the moon-god called Bl ad (lord of the mountain). l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). Abstract. These Israelites are described as a people inhabiting Canaan. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . [2]Based on his identification with El, Kumarbi, and others well discuss before we reach the end of this series, Enlil should be understood not as lord of the air, but as a universal god who controls different spheres and domains, different areas without any defined specialization.[3], In other words, Enlil was simply the god. The god of the southern deserts The first mention of the Israelite tribe itself is a victory stele erected around 1210 BCE by the pharaoh Mernetpah (sometimes called "the Israel stele"). She later became identified by the Akkadians and Assyrians as the goddess Ishtar, and further with the Hittite Sauska, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, among many others. After the Roman conquest of Greece, he was conflated with the Greek Titan . It's hard to come across evidence that is conclusive about how life really was back then but suffice to say that Sumeria has always been a place of fascination. During the time of Abraham and Isaac, in texts dated between 1900 BC and 1791 BC,[8]the only two gods attested among the Amorites of Mesopotamia were the moon-god and the god. One of the most stark examples of Sumerian religion being different from modern ones is the sheer humanness of ancient Mesopotamian gods. We can see immediately the moon-god Erah and El (God) are the two most popular (and only) theophoric elements in these early Amorite personal names. As the patron god of the city of Eridu, Enkis job was to imbue the ruler of the land with knowledge, skill, and intelligence. He is one of the oldest gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon and is first mentioned at the very dawn of writing in Sumer c. 3500 BCE. [38][39], In some places, especially in Psalm 29, Yahweh is clearly envisioned as a storm god,[40] something not true of l so far as we know[41] (although true of his son, Ba'al Haddad). 47, No. But others have argued that from patriarchal times, these different names were in fact generally understood to refer to the same single great god, l. Nibiru, to the Babylonians, was the celestial body associated with the god Marduk. [28] Though Ugarit had a large temple dedicated to Dagon and another to Hadad, there was no temple dedicated to l. He and his military allies the Eloim gain Sky's kingdom.[48]. In fact, Sumerian poetry referred to him as being greatly concerned with human civilization as a whole. In D. N. Freedman (Ed. Presumably these sons have been fathered on Athirat by l; in following passages they seem to be the gods ('ilm) in general or at least a large portion of them. was universally the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of air and earth . It was widely believed that a human kings right to rule derived from the favor of Enlil; in fact, kingship, the attribute of royalty that conveyed the divine authority of a king, was literally called enlilship.[19]But until about 2450 BC, Enlil did not bestow that power to kings across all of Sumer. ), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. The group consisted of 7 gods: An, Enlil, Enki, Ki/Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. The Second Coming of Saturn Part 13: Bashan, Land of the Serpent. If you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are going to hear a lot are Enki and Enlil. [49][50] l is brother to the God Bethel, to Dagon and to an unknown god, equated with the Greek Atlas and to the goddesses Aphrodite/'Ashtart, Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (equated with Ba'alat Gebal). The picture below is taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they knew Saturn had rings around it. 27, No. The Tower of Babel and . Ashshur has established (it) for us, A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. NOTE: "Planet" is Greek for wanderer; Greeks and Romans thought the planets and the sun rotate around the earth - 7 known by them - they named gods and days of the week after them. This is a plausible scenario, given that the Sumerian homeland in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of mountains. The ziggurat at Ur, the only one left of such structures remaining from ancient Summer, was a temple dedicated to the Moon. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. The only sons of l named individually in the Ugaritic texts are Yamm ("Sea"), Mot ("Death"), and Ashtar, who may be the chief and leader of most of the sons of l. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. An, the Sumerian deity who ruled heaven, was the most important god, and the most important deity, in the religion overall. Inconsistencies that arise between monotheism and polytheism in the texts are reflective of this hypothesis. Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. Genesis, Book of. In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort Ki. Inhabited by demons, gods, and the dead, it was ruled by the goddess of death and gloom Ereshkigal. Like most ancient civilizations, the Sumerians came to believe that just about every earthly phenomenon, anthropological aspect, and astronomical event was somehow controlled by unseen deities. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). They saluted him as husband. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. The Romans connected Wden to Mercury because they were both guides of souls after. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. [48] Sky and Earth are themselves children of 'Elyn 'Most High'. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. The m-enclitic appears elsewhere in the Tanakh and in other Semitic languages. It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. Accessed April 18, 2023. There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. Enlils importance was immense as he was said to be the being that granted kingship to kings, and the force behind most of the aspects of the universe. "The Phoenicians every year sacrificed their beloved and only begotten children to Kronos, or Saturn; and the Rhodesians often did the same." Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Nibiru Science 21 Who is SATURN? l is rather the son of Sky (Uranus) and Earth (Ge). , romanized: ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. His temple also seems to have acquired the title E-kur (House of the Mountain) with the rise of the Akkadian Empire. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. The patron deity of the city of Nippur was given the names father, creator, lord, the great mountain, raging storm, and king of the foreign lands.. Although she is referenced at length in Sumerian myth, there are some who doubt her status as a deity as there are not very many references to her in the ancient records. 5. The goddess was also said to have crafted a set of legislations that shaped the code of law and etiquette in the area. [12], However, because the word l sometimes refers to a god other than the great god l, it is frequently ambiguous as to whether l followed by another name means the great god l with a particular epithet applied or refers to another god entirely. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. 1 (1984), p. 1. El Elyon also corresponds to the Sumerian Anu, as well. They associated the planets with different gods in their pantheon: Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Saturn with Ninurta, Mercury with Nabu, Mars with Nergal, the Sun with Shamash and the Moon with Sin. That fits the character of Enlil, El, and Kumarbi in their respective pantheons. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). Uranus was not discovered until the 1800's, but the astronomers in that time period continued the tradition of naming planets after Roman gods. Mesopotamian moon god. One version of the myth states that when Enlil proposed the idea of creating humans to Nammu, she told him that she could make such beings with the help of Enki who was also her son. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. . The names of these wives are not explicitly provided, but some confusing rubrics at the beginning of the account mention the goddess Athirat, who is otherwise l's chief wife, and the goddess Ramayyu ("the one of the womb"), otherwise unknown. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. and all the divine beings The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells how (perhaps near the beginning of all things) l came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. Cronus's functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival, the Kronia, celebrated the harvest and resembled the Saturnalia. She was older than her more lively sister Inanna, hated her passionately, and was a stone-cold queen who enforced the law that no one could leave the underworld without leaving a replacement behind. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. The movement of the Sun . Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. 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