Guo S, Lo EH. Table 7 Demonstrate that there is a statistically significant difference in phlebitis score in both experimental groups MSG and HPA groups after comparison baseline within 8, 16, 32, 40, 48 hours of administration of intervention (P = 0.05). Yes, you are! Feng DF, Zhu ZA, Lu YC. Both procedure were repeated 3 times a day at interval of 8 hours continuously for 2 days. Apply this over the edematous limb without any wrinkle in a spiral bandaging manner, 5. Decrease in total and free magnesium concentration following traumatic brain injury in rats. Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Peripheral vascular catheter insertion sites should be monitored at a minimum of each shift using a recognized Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) scale for measuring degrees or severity of phlebitis [3]. Take magnesium sulphate granules and mix it with glycerine using one finger (20 gm MgSO4: 100 ml Glycerine ratio). Huang Q F, Gebrewold A, Zhang A, Altura BT, Altura BM. The incidence of phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been reported to be as high as 80% [2]. Billard JM. Significantly decreased extracellular magnesium in brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia. Analysis of the brain bioavailability of peripherally administered magnesium sulfate: a study in humans with acute brain injury undergoing prolonged induced hypermagnesemia. Touyz RM. According to age in years maximum numbers of the participants 30% were from the age group of 46 - 65 years in both MSG as well as HPA group. Magnesium deficiency affects mammary epithelial cell proliferation: involvement of oxidative stress. The pathophysiology of brain edema and elevated intracranial pressure. (M), magnesium sulfate dressing was done by dipping the gauze in the magnesium sulfate glycerine solution and applying it on phlebitis area. similarly 24 (96%) participants were receiving intravenous fluids and electrolytes Likewise 15 (60%) and 5 (20%) participants in MSG and HPA groups respectively. a = Mann-Whitney U Test; b = Kruskal Wallis Test. A number of studies have provided evidence for the alterations in serum Mg2+ levels in acute and chronic ethanol treatments. Grubbs RD, Maguire ME. Bruises, and sprains associated with muscle and joint injuries. Similarly few were under blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. Belfort M, Allred J, Dildy G. Magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia. The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Improvement in swelling was seen in the next 10 days. Increase in the size of the stomach area. Correale J, Villa A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerine and Heparinoid Ointment Application on Phlebitis. The mean VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group. Matsui T, Kobayashi H, Hirai S, Kawachi H, Yano H. Magnesium deficiency stimulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in skeletal muscle of rats. Thus for the subjects who receive glycerin magnesium sulphate, the medication was in constant contact with the affected area till the next application. Glycerine soothes the irritated skin so it is used as a component of cough mixtures. Vink R, McIntosh T K, Demediuk P, Faden AI. Ionized magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial cofactor that plays an essential role within the cell and regulates a variety of biochemical reactions. Table 5 depicts reduction in mean, standard deviation and rank score from pre-score to post-score. They are primarily used for therapeutic purposes such as administration of medications, fluids and/or blood products as well as blood sampling. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or <3Wondering what do I write? Small size catheters allow more blood flow in adjacent tissues and thereby prevent damage to the tunica intima of the vein. It's available in a handy 100 gm jar that is both Australian-made and Australian owned and is Australian. An alpha- syntrophin-dependent pool of AQP4 in astroglial end- feet confers bidirectional water flow between blood and brain. In association with demographic variables there was a significant difference found between these alovera, glycerin and cold application. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Hoane MR. Assessment of cognitive function following magnesium therapy in the traumatically injured brain. Nag S, Manias JL, Stewart DJ. Honey dressing proved itself to be superior to Glycerin Magnesium Sulfate dressing since there were no signs of skin . Further studies are necessary to increase our understanding of the effects of deficiency or supplementation of magnesium on the functional and structural characteristics of the BBB during hydrocephalus in both animal and human studies. However, little is known about whether any improvement in BBB integrity can be achieved by magnesium treatment in acute or chronic ethanol intake. The present study shows that majority of 16% and 80% participants had pain along the pathway in MSG and HPA groups respectively, followed by 44% and 20% pain in cannula insertion site in MSG and HPA groups respectively. Euser AG, Bullinger L, Cipolla MJ. Effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing (MSG) and heparinoid ointment application (HPA) on management of phlebitis. Maximum 78% of participants were married from both MSG and HPA group. Epsom salt is one of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium and sulfate in rock-like formations. Association of Socio-Demographic Variables and Severity Score. Looking at the blood-brain barrier: molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches. Low extracellular magnesium ions induce lipid peroxidation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle: possible relation to traumatic brain injury and strokes. It has been reported that Mg2+ exerts neuroprotective effects in an anoxic insult by improving the recovery of synaptic transmission and blocking the loss of protein kinase C (PKC) (Libien et al., 2005). Experimental studies focusing on the treatment of brain edema showed beneficial effects of magnesium administered in combination with various pharmacological drugs in animal models (Royo et al., 2003; Sen and Gulati, 2010). In animal models, magnesium treatment has been shown to contribute to the protection of the BBB during eclampsia, to decrease the increased BBB permeability, and to prevent the development of brain edema in certain experimental settings, including acute hypertension and hypoglycemia- induced seizures (Kaya et al., 2001 and 2004; Euser et al., 2008). In addition, magnesium treatment protects the blood-spinal cord barrier, improves clinical recovery, and preserves normal spinal cord ultrastructure in experimental spinal cord injury in rats (Kaptanoglu et al., 2003). Similarly, a study conducted in KU Nepal by Singh [7] found very mild (40%) and mild (11.3%) grades were seen to the higher than moderate (3.9%) and severe (3.9%) phlebitis. Pre-testing was performed before intervention. In a study involving a total of 21 patients with normal- pressure hydrocephalus, a slight plasma-like protein pattern has been demonstrated in CSF in 38% of the patients prior to surgical intervention, indicating BBB dysfunction (Wikkels and Blomstrand, 1982). The Mean reduction rates in phlebitis at the baseline reading, at 24 hours and at 48 hours is 2.95, 2.67 and 1.78 in the control group and 3.07, 1.51 and 0.55 in . Low Mg2+ concentration in the circulation is associated with increase in endothelial permeability, decrease in vasodilator capacity and an increase in the production of vasoconstrictor substances, cytokines and oxidative products (Touyz, 2003; Maier et al., 2004). Even though glycerin magnesium sulphate and heparin ointment are widely used in hospitals, which of the intervention is more effective, is still confusing and debatable question to nurses and also there is little evidence showing about that which one is more effective and cost-effective on management of thrombophlebitis. When used as a suppository and applied to anal canal it induces evacuation. However there are no more studies to support this finding. Increase in free radical concentration in ethanol-treated endothelial cells leads to phosphorylation of TJ proteins, activation of paracellular pathway and thus disruption of the BBB (Haorah et al., 2005). Systemic delivery of Mg2+ may constitute an alternative approach in the future, both to improve BBB integrity and to decrease brain edema in the course of a variety of diseases involving brain tissue. This is done for symptomatic relief in patients with limb edema. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Nevertheless, under normal conditions, BBB function is regulated primarily by capillary endothelial cells (Fisher, 2009; Abbott et al., 2010). Go to Top of Page Study Description Study Design Arms and Interventions Outcome Measures Eligibility Criteria Contacts and Locations More Information. All absorbent dressings maintain moist wound environment but dressings like hydrogel and glycerin magnesium sulphate provide direct moisture to the wound. Magnesium sulphate was applied every 2 h for 2 days in solution form with a compress, and the limb was raised, wrapped in plastic and immobilised (Wan, 2018), or it was applied in ointment form . Magnesium homeostasis and alcohol consumption. Uses for magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate is used for short-term relief of constipation. The effects of glycerin on skin are a healthier, more natural-looking appearance [10]. This topic discusses on the main findings of the present study and these are discussed with regards to findings of other relevant studies. Phlebitis: It is the inflammation of the veins. Results: Result showed that Glycerine Magnesium Sulphate paste was more effective than Heparinoid (Thrombophob) Ointment application based on the observation at 24 hours (p< 0.0001). To be applied under dressing. While commercial manufacturers remove the glycerin for its uses in more profitable expensive lotions and creams, handcrafted soap generally retains glycerin in them. Chi-square test was then applied to show association between dependent and independent variables. Based on the findings of the study, both magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application were effective in management of peripheral cannula induced phlebitis (p < 0.001) but among them the mean VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group so magnesium sulphate with glycerin was more effective. Regarding effectiveness, there was a statistically significant difference in phlebitis score in both experimental groups after comparison baseline within 8, 16, 32, 40, 48 hours of administration of intervention (P = 0.05). This finding of the study is being supported by the study conducted Yamber [13] on 30 ICU patients in Karnataka, which showed the difference between pre and post score was found to be significant. Okiyama K, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Simon RP, Leach M, McIntosh TK. Thus it was concluded that both the applications were effective in reducing level of phlebitis. Use of magnesium in traumatic brain injury. Introduction: Phlebitis is the most common complication of intravenous infusion therapy. Tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent brain capillary endothelial cells possess occludin and claudin proteins that serve to preserve junctional integrity. It is a humectant that means it attracts moisture to your skin. Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin Dressing versus Heparinoid Ointment Application on Management of Phlebitis among Patients Admitted in Selected Wards of BPKIHS. Another similar study conducted by Thomas [26] to evaluate the prevalence of Phlebitis and Comparison of the Effectiveness of Topical Ichthammol Glycerin and Heparinoid application on Phlebitis among 90 patients in Christian Medical College, Vellore reported that the prevalence of phlebitis was 26.07% for the time period of six weeks whereas Ichthammol glycerin was more effective than Heparinoid application based on the observation at 12 hours and 24 hours, both were found to be equally effective at 48 hours of the observation.
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